Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics between male and female ischemic stroke patients stratified by smoking and obesity (smoking + obesity, smoking, and obesity)

Number of patients

354

254

P-value

883

603

p-value

1148

1163

p-value

Age Group: No. (%)

< 50 years

75 (21.2)

67 (26.4)

0.600

160 (18.1)

148 (24.5)

0.006* ^a

151 (13.2)

185 (15.9)

< 0.001* ^a

50–59

140 (39.5)

95 (37.4)

313 (35.4)

179 (29.7)

294 (25.6)

203 (17.5)

60–69

102 (28.8)

64 (25.2)

286 (32.4)

173 (28.7)

313 (27.3)

265 (22.8)

70–79

32 (9.0)

25 (9.8)

100 (11.3)

84 (13.9)

249 (21.7)

256 (22.0)

>=80

5 (1.4)

3 (1.2)

24 (2.7)

19 (3.2)

141 (12.3)

254 (21.8)

Age Mean ± SD

57.02 ± 10.348

65.80 ± 12.333

0.199

58.51 ± 10.888

57.80 ± 12.839

0.267

63.68 ± 13.139

66.07 ± 15.412

< 0.001* ^b

Race: No (%)

White

255 (72.0)

188 (74.0)

0.196

633 (71.7)

448 (74.3)

0.540

905 (78.8)

887 (76.3)

0.023*^a

Black

97 (27.4)

61 (24.0)

214 (24.2)

113 (22.1)

234 (20.4)

252 (21.7)

Other

2 (0.6)

5 (2.0)

36 (4.1)

22  (3.6)

9 (0.8)

24 (2.1)

Hispanic Ethnicity: No. (%)

1 (0.3)

3 (1.2)

0.176

8 (0.9)

5 (0.8)

0.876

18 (1.6)

26 (2.2)

0.240

BMI: Mean ± SD

32.1718 ± 7.10477

30.8865 ± 5.17968

0.613

27.3098 ± 5.9962

27.8316 ± 7.49845

0.157

30.9605 ± 5.135

32.7794 ± 7.00792

< 0.001* ^b

Medical History: No. (%)

Atrial Fib

22 (6.2)

11 (4.3)

0.206

49 (5.5)

36 (6.0)

0.732

166 (14.5)

171 (14.7)

0.868

Coronary Artery Disease

100 (28.2)

57 (22.4)

0.029* ^a

230 (26.0)

121 (20.1)

0.008* ^a

398 (34.7)

304 (26.1)

< 0.001*^a

Carotid Artery Stenosis

17 (4.8)

20 (7.9)

0.229

62 (7.0)

42 (7.0)

0.967

70 (6.1)

59 (5.1)

0.283

Depression

56 (15.8)

68 (26.8)

< 0.001* ^a

78 (8.8)

102 (16.9)

< 0.001* ^a

187 (16.3)

311 (26.7)

< 0.001*^a

Diabetes

112 (31.6)

94 (37.0)

0.278

224 (25.4)

184 (30.5)

0.029 * ^a

484 (42.2)

502 (43.2)

0.626

Drugs or Alcohol

85 (24.0)

29 (11.4)

0.015* ^a

161 (18.2)

60 (10.0)

< 0.001* ^a

145 (12.6)

39 (3.4)

< 0.001*^a

Dyslipidemia

162 (45.8)

122 (48.0)

0.145

350 (39.6)

263 (43.6)

0.126

645 (56.2)

632 (54.3)

0.373

Stroke Family History

52 (14.7)

42 (16.5)

0.291

82 (9.3)

68 (11.3)

0.211

151 (13.2)

174 (15.0)

0.211

Heart Failure

30 (8.5)

20 (7.9)

0.623

62 (7.0)

44 (7.3)

0.840

103 (9.0)

145 (12.5)

0.007

Hypertension

267 (75.4)

200 (78.7)

0.826

639 (72.4)

443 (73.5)

0.640

925 (80.6)

959 (82.5)

0.243

Migraine

9 (2.5)

16 (6.3)

0.003* ^a

12 (1.4)

27 (4.5)

< 0.001* ^a

22 (1.9)

75 (6.4)

< 0.001*^a

Obesity

354 (100)

254 (100)

354 (40.1)

254 (42.1)

0.434

1148 (100)

1163 (100)

Previous Stroke

95 (26.8)

58 (22.8)

0.323

235 (26.6)

161 (26.7)

0.971

283 (24.7)

305 (26.2)

0.385

Previous TIA (> 24 h)

19 (5.4)

29 (11.4)

0.051

48 (5.4)

60 (10.0)

< 0.001* ^a

92 (8.0)

100 (8.6)

0.611

Prosthetic Heart Valve

6 (1.7)

2 (0.8)

0.149

5 (0.8)

7 (0.8)

0.939

20 (1.7)

14 (1.2)

0.282

Peripheral Vascular Disease

33 (9.3)

29 (11.4)

0.979

59 (6.7)

46 (7.6)

0.484

95 (8.3)

101 (8.7)

0.724

Chronic Renal Disease

37 (10.5)

18 (7.1)

0.708

61 (6.9)

32 (5.3)

0.211

146 (12.7)

144 (12.4)

0.807

Smoker

354 (100)

254 (100)

883 (100)

603 (100)

354 (30.8)

254 (21.8)

< 0.001*

Medication History: No (%)

HTN medication

214 (60.5)

161 (63.4)

0.053

488 (55.3)

365 (60.5)

0.044

794 (69.2)

856 (73.6)

0.018*^a

Cholesterol Reducer

132 (37.3)

106 (41.7)

0.668

308 (34.9)

227 (37.6)

0.276

571 (49.7)

557 (47.9)

0.375

Diabetic Medication

86 (24.3)

79 (31.1)

0.005* ^a

152 (17.2)

147 (24.4)

< 0.001* ^a

381 (33.2)

401 (34.5)

0.512

Antidepressant

47 (13.3)

58 (22.8)

< 0.001* ^a

62 (7.0)

88 (14.6)

< 0.001* ^a

175 (15.2)

330 (28.4)

< 0.001*^a

Lab values: Mean ± SD

Total cholesterol

181.53 ± 76.327

187.11 ± 51.082

0.004* ^b

174.22 ± 60.033

183.32 ± 54.599

0.005* ^b

171.37 ± 59.334

181.46 ± 50.294

< 0.001*^b

Triglycerides

177.2 ± 115.08

192.64 ± 164.952

0.237

151.77 ± 111.341

164.73 ± 138.961

0.062

159.68 ± 108.100

155.09 ± 107.128

0.337

HDL

34.17 ± 10.417

39.04 ± 12.102

0.001* ^b

37.88 ± 13.541

41.73 ± 13.162

< 0.001* ^b

35.80 ± 10.721

42.39 ± 12.633

< 0.001*^b

LDL

115.0 ± 38.650

116.47 ± 42.469

0.143

108.66 ± 38.973

112.14 ± 43.503

0.133

107.51 ± 40.631

111.55 ± 41.945

0.027*^b

Lipids

6.489 ± 1.878

6.5703 ± 1.938

0.100

6.3014 ± 1.74380

6.6422 ± 4.132567

0.080

6.7168 ± 1.94715

6.7079 ± 1.96249

0.919

Blood Glucose

146.3 ± 81.823

150.45 ± 94.296

0.116

137.34 ± 73.964

144.53 ± 92.177

0.113

155.25 ± 85.430

157.26 ± 93.153

0.589

Serum Creatinine

1.325 ± 0.99341

1.0706 ± 0.63563

< 0.001* ^b

1.2878 ± 0.96504

1.0387 ± 0.86639

< 0.001* ^b

1.4087 ± 1.8028

1.2303 ± 1.10884

< 0.001*^b

INR

1.063 ± 0.16202

1.0318 ± 0.11814

0.095

1.0930 ± 0.40391

1.0466 ± 0.19582

0.021

1.1190 ± 0.28165

1.1021 ± 0.35308

0.254

Vital Signs: Mean ± SD

Heart Rate

82.97 ± 18.333

83.44  ± 16.055

0.179

81.42 ± 18.212

82.65 ± 17.310

0.190

81.06 ± 18.099

83.96 ± 17.866

< 0.001*^b

Blood Pressure Systolic

153.1 ± 30.340

148.54 ± 29.401

0.036*^a

152.96 ± 30.223

148.49 ± 30.081

0.005*^a

152.12 ± 28.638

151.28 ± 29.457

0.451

Blood Pressure Diastolic

89.11 ± 20.691

81.80 ± 18.692

< 0.001*^a

87.93 ± 19.254

81.47 ± 18.845

< 0.001*^a

84.80 ± 18.256

80.54 ± 19.602

< 0.001*^b

Ambulation Status Prior to Event: No. (%)

Ambulate Independently

340 (96)

244 (96.1)

0.589

836 (94.7)

568 (4.2)

0.690

1078 (93.9)

1049 (90.2)

< 0.001*^a

Ambulate with Assistance

5 (1.4)

1 (0.4)

0.875

18 (2.0)

9 (1.5)

0.439

25 (2.2)

28 (2.4)

0.712

Unable to Ambulate

4 (1.1)

3 (1.2)

0.231

14 (1.6)

14 (2.3)

0.305

25 (2.2)

47 (4.0)

0.010*^a

Not Documented

5 (1.4)

6 (2.4)

0.853

15 (1.7)

12 (2.0)

0.680

20 (1.7)

38 (3.3)

0.019*^a

Ambulation Status on Admission: No. (%)

Ambulate Independently

129 (36.4)

81 (31.9)

0.757

268 (30.4)

176 (29.2)

0.630

379 (33.0)

306 (26.3)

0.001*^a

Ambulate with Assistance

80 (22.6)

66 (26.0)

0.689

255 (28.9)

186 (30.8)

0.415

281 (24.5)

291 (25.0)

0.762

Unable to Ambulate

84 (23.7)

65 (25.6)

0.927

225 (25.5)

159 (26.4)

0.701

287 (25.0)

361 (31.0)

0.001*^a

Not Documented

61 (17.2)

42 (16.5)

0.276

135 (15.3)

82 (13.6)

0.365

201 (17.5)

205 (17.6)

0.941

Ambulation Status on Discharge: No. (%)

Ambulate Independently

219 (61.9)

128  (50.4)

0.739

460 (52.1)

283 (46.9)

0.051

610 (53.1)

509  (43.8)

< 0.001*^a

Ambulate with Assistance

82 (23.2)

76 (29.9)

0.491

264 (29.9)

204 (33.8)

0.109

296 (25.8)

362 (31.1)

0.004*^a

Unable to Ambulate

40 (11.3)

40 (15.7)

0.697

105 (11.9)

86 (14.3)

0.180

172 (15.0)

234 (20.1)

0.001*^a

Not Documented

13 (3.7)

10 (3.9)

0.249

54 (6.1)

30 (5.0)

0.350

70 (6.1)

58 (5.0)

0.243

rtPA Administration

112 (31.6)

75 (29.5)

0.883

234 (26.5)

154 (25.5)

0.679

341 (29.7)

337 (29.0)

0.701

First Care Received: No. (%)

Emergency Department

279 (78.8)

185 (72.8)

0.428

684 (77.5)

444 (73.6)

0.090

937 (81.6)

918 (78.9)

0.105

Direct Admission

38 (10.7)

35 (13.8)

0.107

61 (6.9)

49  (8.1)

0.401

106 (9.2)

136 (11.7)

0.052

Improved Ambulation: No (%)

147 (43.0)

85 (34.8)

0.198

341 (41.0)

201 (35.0)

0.024*^a

436 (40.2)

424 (38.2)

0.340