Fig. 3

Enhanced glycolysis promotes the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro. A The expression of HK2 and PKM2 in BMDMs. β-Actin was used as the internal reference. B-C The levels of the key glycolytic enzymes PFK and LDH were detected in vitro. D Lactate determination in the cell supernatant. E Representative Western blot showing the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome markers in BMDMs from the different groups. The blots were cropped and hybridized with the corresponding antibodies. β-Actin was used as the internal reference. F-I TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-18 levels in the culture supernatants of BMDMs were measured by ELISA. The following comparisons were made: control vs. LPS, LPS vs. LPS + 2-DG, and LPS vs. LPS + FBP. The data are presented as the means ± SDs; ns P ≥ 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; n = 3/group