Fig. 1

(A) Representative images of AF induction via programmed stimulation in the three groups of canines. (B) Thoracotomy was performed at the third intercostal space of the left chest, with the pacing lead fixed at the LAA. Multiple injections of diluted Ad-CD63-RFP were made into the EAT on the free wall of the left atrium. (C, D) The average number of AF inductions and duration of sustained AF episodes in the three groups. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from 6 canines in each group. Compared to the Sham group, ***P < 0.001, ###P < 0.001. There was no statistically significant difference between the Pacing group and the Pacing + GW4869 group. AF = atrial fibrillation; EAT = epicardial adipose tissue; LAA = left atrial appendage