Table 2 Characteristics of the populations included in the studies
First author and year | Country | Source of data | Data range | Type of source | Population size | Train/Test Proportion | Gender (male) | Adult / Pediatric | Type of defect (procedure) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crowe 2013 [27] | UK | Central Cardiac Audit Database | 2000–2010 | registry | 37,044 | 2.5/1 | training: 55% testing: NP | Pediatric | Not specified |
Zapata-Impata 2015 [28] | Spain | NP | NP | NP | 2432 | 3/1 | NP | Pediatric | Not specified |
Moein 2015 [29] | USA | Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database | 2009–2014 | registry | 1036 | NP | NP | Pediatric | Limited pulmonary blood flow (Systemic-to-Pulmonary Artery shunt) |
Ruiz-Fernández 2015 [30] | Colombia | Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia | NP | local EMR | 2432 | 9/1 | NP | Pediatric | Not specified |
Rogers 2017 [31] | UK | National Congenital Heart Disease Audit | 2009–2014 | registry | 21,838 | 4/1 | NP | Pediatric | Not specified |
Jalali 2018 [32] | USA | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia | NP | local EMR | 71 | 1/6 | 47.89% | Pediatric | HLHS + non-HLHS |
Luis Ahumadal 2018 [33] | USA | Pediatric Heart Networks Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial | 2005—2009 | RCT | 549 | 4/1 | NP | Pediatric | HLHS (Norwood procedure) |
Samad 2018 [34] | USA | Boston Children’s Hospital | 2005–2012 | local EMR | 153 | 4/1 | 49.67% | Adult | Tetralogy of Fallot |
Ruiz 2019 [35] | USA | University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh | 2014—2017 | local EMR | 93 | 9/1 | NP | Pediatric | Single-ventricle physiology |
Cocomello 2020 [36] | UK | National Congenital Heart Disease Audit (Bristol dataset) | 2004–2009 2015–2019 | registry | 1st cohort: 1,352 2nd cohort: 1,197 | NA | NP | Pediatric | Not specified |
Chang Junior 2020 [37] | Brazil | ASSIST Registry (InCor’s heart surgery program) | 2014–2019 | registry | 2240 | 9/1 | 48.7% | Pediatric | Not specified |
Huang 2020 [38] | China | Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital | 2009–2017 | local EMR | 96 | 3/1 | 64.6% | Both | Single ventricle defects (a bidirectional Glenn procedure) |
Bender 2021 [39] | USA | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia(CHOP) | NP | local EMR | 56 | 2.12/1 | NP | Pediatric | Not specified |
Bertsimas 2021 [40] | USA | ECHSA Congenital Database | 2000–2019 | registry | 221,335 | 3.8/1 | 55% | Both | Not specified |
Faerber 2021 [41] | USA | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia | 2012–2018 | cohort | 162 | 4/1 | 63% | Pediatric | Tetralogy of Fallot |
Rusin 2021 [42] | USA | Texas Children’s Hospital | 2013–2019 | local EMR | 238 | 1/1 | 39.08% | Pediatric | Single-ventricle physiology |
Ng 2022 [43] | China | Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital | NP | NP | 58 | 8/2 | NP | Pediatric | Complex CHD |
Zeng 2021 [44] | China | Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University | 2015–2018 | local EMR | 1964 | 7/3 | 48.77% | Pediatric | CHD |
Thiriveedi 2021 [45] | USA | Johns Hopkins Hospital | NP | Cohort | 162 | NP | NP | Pediatric | Not specified |
Jalali 2021 [46] | USA | Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial | 2005–2009 | Cohort | 549 | 7/3 | NP | Pediatric | Single ventricle disease (Norwood procedure) |
Bertsimas 2022 [47] | USA | European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association (ECHSA) Congenital Database (ECCDB; 64 hospitals) | 2010–2019 | registry | 31,792 | 2.8/1 | NP | Both | Not specified |
Du 2022 [48] | China | Shanghai Children’s Medical Center | 2006–2017 | local EMR | 24,685 | 7.5/2.5 | 57.59% | Pediatric | Not specified |
Ekhomu 2022 [49] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | 2012–2017 | Cohort | 153 | 7/3 | 62% | Pediatric | Tetralogy of Fallot |
Shi 2022 [50] | China | Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center in China (registration number: NCT03626480) | 2017–2020 | Cohort | MDS: 536 EVS: 186 | 4/1 | 59.70% | Pediatric | Not specified |
Pei 2022 [51] | China | Shanghai Children’s Medical Center (SCMC) and Guangdong’s Provincial People’s Hospital (GPPH) | NP | local EMR | 83 | 1.86/1 | NP | Pediatric | Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection |
Sunthankar 2023 [52] | USA | National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative (NPC-QIC) registry | 2008–2019 | registry | 3267 | 4/1 | 62% | Pediatric | Single ventricle disease |
Betts 2023 [53] | ANZ | Australia New Zealand Congenital Outcomes Registry for Surgery | 2013–2022 | registry | 14,343 | 4/1 | 56.30% | Pediatric | Not specified |
Zürn 2023 [54] | Germany | Departments of paediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery in Freiburg (train set) and Heidelberg (test set) | 2014–2019 | local EMR | MDS: 780 EVS: 985 | 1/1.26 | NP | Pediatric | Not specified |
Jiwani 2023 [55] | USA | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Not specified |
Kong 2023 [56] | China | Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University | 2002–2020 | cohort | 134 | 4/1 | 67.91% | Pediatric | Congenital malformations of the aorta |
Sarris 2024 [57] | EU | ECCDB | 1989–2022 | registry | 172,888 | 7/3 | NP | NP | Not specified |
Chang junior 2024 [58] | Brazil | ASSIST Registry | 2014–2018 | registry | 1642 | 9/1 | NP | NP | Not specified |
Li 2024 [59] | China | Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University | 2016–2021 | local EMR | 5030 | 18.6/1 | training: 48.9% testing: 43.4% | Both | Not specified |
Smith 2024 [60] | USA | Single Ventricle Reconstruction Extension Study | 2005–2009 | cohort | 549 | 4/1 | NP | Pediatric | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
Tong 2024 [61] | China | Shanghai Children’s Medical Center | 2014–2021 | cohort | 23,000 | 3.1/2 | training: 54.9% testing: 52.5% | Pediatric | Not specified |