Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
First Author (Year) | Country | WHO Region | Study Design | Sample Size in Study Groups | Follow-up (Days) | Investigated Variables in Each Study | NOS Score (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Total Sample | MINOCA | MIOCA | Control | Â | Medical History | Symptoms/ Laboratory Data at Admission | Treatment at Admission/ Discharge | Outcomes | Â |
Zhao J., et al. (2019) [28] | China | Western Pacific | Cross-Sectional | 345 | 129 | 133 | 83 | NA | HTN, DM, Smoke, HLP | NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Zandecki L., et al. (2020) [29] | Poland | European | Cohort | 9771 | 2120 | 7624 | NA | 543.5 ± 451.85 | DM, Stroke, MI, PCI, CABG, Smoke, HTN, Kidney Disease, COPD, | NA | NA | MACE, Death, MI, Stroke, HF | 9 |
Xu Y., et al. (2021) [30] | China | Western Pacific | Cross-Sectional | 503 | 20 | 156 | 138 | NA | DM, HTN, DLP, Smoke | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Adamson P.D., et al. (2019) [31] | New Zealand | Western Pacific | Cohort | 8305 | 897 | 7408 | NA | 412.45 ± 219 | Smoke, DM, Dementia, Liver Disease, Cancer, CVD | SBP/ HDL, LDL | NA/ Statin, Bata-Blocker, CCB, Aspirin, ACE-I or ARB, Clopidogrel | Death, CVA, MI | 9 |
Wheeler A., et al. (2013) [32] | Australia | Western Pacific | Cross-Sectional | 4312 | 325 | 819 | 3168 | NA | HTN, DM, Smoke, HLP, MI, Angina, HF, Stroke, TIA | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Wassef N.Z., et al. (2014) [33] | UK | European | Retro-Cohort | 1351 | 115 | 847 | NA | 365 | HTN, DM, Smoke, DLP | NA/ Hb, Cr, GFR | NA | Death, CV-Death, CVA, Revascularization, Bleeding | 9 |
Van Rosendael A.R., et al. (2020) [34] | USA | Americas | Pro-Cohort | 6620 | 1698 | NA | 1849 | 1825 | HTN, DM, HLP, Smoke | CP, Dyspnea/ NA | Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, ACE-I/ NA | NA | 9 |
Turgeon R.D., et al. (2021) [35] | Canada | Americas | Cohort | 4996 | 2132 | 444 | 1707 | 839.5 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke, Obesity, CVD, PAD, HF | CP, Dyspnea, SBP/ GFR, LDL | Statin, Beta-Blocker, Anti-Thrombotic, RAAS-I/ Statin, Beta-Blocker | NA | 9 |
Svenungsson E., et al. (2022) [36] | Sweden | European | Case–Control | 297 | 98 | 99 | 9 | NA | HTN, DM, HLP, Smoke | NA/ Hb, Cr, GFR, Platelets, CRP, BNP, TC, TG, LDL, HDL | NA | NA | 9 |
Sinning C., et al. (2016) [37] | Germany | European | Cohort | 2316 | 350 | 1966 | NA | 1789 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke, MI | NA/ Cr, LDL, HDL | Statin, Beta-Blocker, ACE-I/ NA | CV-Death, MI | 9 |
Seitz A., et al. (2020) [38] | Germany | European | Pro-Cohort | 376 | 103 | 109 | NA | 1825 | MI | NA | NA | Death, CV-Death, MI | 8 |
Segev A., et al. (2012) [39] | Israel | European | Cohort | 444 | 115 | NA | 266 | 912.5 ± 146 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke | NA/ CRP, LDL, HDL, TG | NA | MACE, Death, Revascularization | 9 |
Sedlak T.L., et al. (2013) [40] | Canada | Americas | Cohort | 13695 | 98 | 10608 | 2079 | 694 | HTN, DM, MI, PCI, CABG, Kidney Disease, PVD, CVA, HF, COPD, Liver Disease, Cancer, Smoke | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Safdar B., et al. (2018) [41] | Italy | European | Pro-Cohort | 2985 | 299 | 2374 | NA | 365 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke, Obesity, Stroke, TIA, MI, HF, PAD, Depression, Kidney Disease, PCI, CABG | NA | NA/ Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, ACE-I or ARB | Death | 9 |
Raparelli V., et al. (2018) [42] | Canada | Americas | Pro-Cohort | 1210 | 82 | 916 | NA | 365 | Angina, PAD, DM, HTN, Smoke, DLP, ACS, Depression, | SBP, DBP, CP, Dyspnea/ Troponin, CRP | NA/ Statin, Bata-Blocker, CCB, Aspirin, ACE-I, ARB | MACE, CV-Death, MI, Stroke, HF | 9 |
Rakowski T., et al. (2019) [43] | Poland | European | Cohort | 49893 | 3924 | 45969 | NA | NA | DM, Smoke, HTN, Kidney Disease, Stroke, MI, COPD | NA | Aspirin, Heparin, P2Y12-I/ Nitrates | NA | 9 |
Pitts R., et al. (2017) [44] | Colorado | Americas | Cohort | 3830 | 200 | 3630 | NA | 365 | HTN, DM, Smoke, CAD, MI, CABG, PCI, PVD, Stroke, TIA, DLP, Kidney Disease, Depression | NA | Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, ACE-I, ARB, Warfarin/ NA | Death | 9 |
Patel M.R., et al. (2014) [45] | New York | Americas | Cross-Sectional | 661063 | 386003 | 275060 | NA | NA | DM, HF | CP/ NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Paolisso P., et al. (2019) [46] | Italy | European | Cohort | 1523 | 134 | 998 | 66 | 580.5 ± 319.5 | HTN. DM, Smoke, DLP, MI, Stroke, AF | NA/ GFR, Hb | NA/ Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, P2Y12-I, RAAS-I | NA | 8 |
Lopez Pais J ., et al. (2018) [47] | Italy | European | Cross-Sectional | 387 | 118 | 269 | NA | NA | DM, DLP | NA/ Troponin-I | NA | NA | 9 |
Øvrehus K.A., et al. (2021) [48] | Denmark | European | Cohort | 33552 | 13883 | NA | 19669 | 1277.5 | HTN, DM, HLP, Smoke | CP, Dyspnea/ NA | NA | Death, MI | 9 |
Ouellette M.L., et al. (2018) [49] | America | Americas | Pro-Cohort | 925 | 412 | 513 | NA | NA | HTN, DM, HLP, Smoke, PVD, CVD, Kidney Disease | CP/ NA | Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, ACE-I, ARB/ Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, ACE-I or ARB | NA | 9 |
Najib K., et al. (2015) [50] | Chicago | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 2038 | 216 | 1822 | NA | 365 | HTN, DM, HLP, HF, PVD, CVD, MI, PCI, CABG, Kidney Disease | NA | NA | Death, CV-Death | 9 |
Montgomery D.E., et al. (2012) [51] | USA | Americas | Cross-Sectional | 146 | 67 | 56 | NA | NA | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke | SBP, DBP/ Cr | Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, CCB, ACE-I, ARB | NA | 8 |
Montenegro Sá F., et al. (2018) [52] | Portugal | European | Retro-Cohort | 1047 | 114 | 933 | NA | 1050 ± 21.5 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke, MI, Stroke, HF, AF, Kidney Disease | NA/ Troponin-I | NA | NA | 9 |
Minha S., et al. (2010) [53] | Israel | European | Cohort | 5937 | 142 | 2761 | NA | 365 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke, CVA, PVD | SBP, DBP/ Cr, GFR, Hb, LDL, HDL, TC, TG | Beta-Blocker, CCB, Aspirin, ACE-I, ARB, Anti-Coagulants, Clopidogrel, Diuretics/ Beta-Blocker, CCB, Aspirin, ACE-I or ARB, Clopidogrel, LMWH | MACE, Death,MI, HF, Cardiogenic Shock, Pulmonary Edema, Pericarditis | 9 |
Maddox T.M., et al. (2010) [54] | America | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 2479874 | 237167 | 1252578 | NA | NA | Obesity, MI, PCI, CABG, HF, HTN, DM, CVD, PVD, Chronic Lung Disease, Smoke, DLP | CP/ NA | Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, Clopidogrel/ NA | NA | 9 |
Liu L., et al. (2021) [55] | China | Western Pacific | Retro-Cohort | 506 | 232 | 274 | NA | 720 | Smoke, DM, HTN, HLP | CP/ NA | Statin, Beta-Blocker, CCB, Aspirin, ACE-I, ARB, Clopidogrel/ NA | NA | 9 |
Lanza G.A., et al. (2019) [3] | Italy | European | Retro-Cohort | 2163 | 113 | 317 | NA | NA | Smoke, DLP, HTN, DM, Obesity, AF, PCI | NA/ Cr | NA | NA | 9 |
Košuta D., et al. (2021) [56] | Slovenia | European | Retro-Cohort | 1031 | 284 | 256 | 449 | 1606 ± 27.23 | DLP, HTN, DM, Smoke | NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Kissel C.K., et al. (2018) [57] | Canada | Americas | Pro-Cohort | 18384 | 7478 | 10906 | NA | 2372.5 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke | NA | Statin, Beta-Blocker, CCB, Aspirin, ACE-I, Insulin, P2Y12-I/ NA | NA | 9 |
Kafle R., et al. (2020) [58] | Nepal | south-east Asia | Cross-Sectional | 177 | 24 | 153 | NA | NA | Smoke, HTN, DM, DLP, AF | SBP, DBP/ NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Junqueira C.L.C., et al. (2021) [59] | Brazil | Americas | Case-Control | 50 | 25 | NA | 25 | NA | HTN, DLP, Smoke | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Jędrychowska M., et al. (2021) [60] | Italy | European | Retro-Cohort | 1177218 | 5695 | 124663 | NA | 30 | DM, HTN, Stroke, MI, PCI, CABG, Smoke, Kidney Disease, COPD | NA | NA/ Aspirin, Clopidogrel, LMWH | Death, Cardia Arrest, Bleeding | 9 |
Sun J., et al. (2012) [61] | China | Western Pacific | Retro-Cohort | 736 | 51 | 678 | NA | 1095 | HTN, DM, HLP, Smoke, CVD | NA/ Troponin-T, CK-MB, TC, LDL, EF | NA | MACE, Death, CV-Death, MI, Cardiogenic Shock | 9 |
Zamani S.K., et al. (2020) [62] | California | Americas | Cross-Sectional | 127 | 64 | NA | 39 | NA | HTN, DM, DLP, MI | SBP, DBP/ EF | Beta-Blocker, CCB, Nitrates, Diuretics/ NA | NA | 9 |
Gök G., et al. (2022) [63] | Turkey | European | Cross-Sectional | 1793 | 49 | 428 | NA | NA | Smoke, CAD, HTN. HLP, DM | NA/ Troponin-T, Hb, GFR | NA | NA | 9 |
Moody J.B., et al. (2020) [64] | UK | European | Cross-Sectional | 231 | 131 | 9 | NA | NA | Obesity, CAD, HTN, HLP, DM, Smoke, MI, PCI | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Hou Z.H., et al. (2013) [65] | California | Americas | Cross-Sectional | 174 | 84 | NA | 90 | NA | DM, Smoke, HTN, Kidney Disease, Stroke, MI, COPD | SBP, DBP/ TC | NA | NA | 9 |
Hjort M., et al. (2018) [11] | Sweden | European | Retro-Cohort | 18943 | 1639 | 17304 | NA | 365 | Smoke, DM, HTN, HLP, HF, Stroke | NA/ GFR, EF | Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, Anti-Coagolant, P2Y12-I, RAAS-I / Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, P2Y12-I, RAAS-I | MACE, Death, CV-Death, HF, MI, Stroke | 9 |
Hjort M., et al. (2017) [5] | Sweden | European | Retro-Cohort | 19377 | 1774 | 16576 | 1027 | 330 | NA | NA | NA | Death, CV-Death, MI, HF, Stroke | 8 |
Gürdal A., et al. (2020) [66] | Turkey | European | Retro-Cohort | 320 | 72 | NA | 248 | 630 | Smoke, HTN, DM | NA/ TC, TG, HDL, LDL, Cr, Hb, Platelet, EF | NA | Death | 9 |
Grodzinsky A., et al. (2015) [67] | USA | Americas | Pro-Cohort | 5539 | 381 | 4941 | NA | 365 | HTN, DM, Smoke, MI | NA/ TC, TG, HDL, LDL, Troponin | NA/ Statin, Beta-Blocker, Aspirin, ACE-I or ARB, Clopidogrel | NA | 9 |
Gasior P., et al. (2020) [68] | Poland | European | Retro-Cohort | 205606 | 6063 | 160886 | NA | 1080 | HTN, DM, Obesity, Smoke, CAD, PCI, MI, CABG, Stroke, Kidney Disease, Lung Disease, AF | Dyspnea, SBP, DBP/ EF | NA/ Statin, ACE-I, Aspirin, LMWH, Nitrates, P2Y12-I | Death,CV-Death, Cardia Arrest,MI, Stroke, Cardiogenic Shock, Pulmonary Edema, | 9 |
GarcÃa-Blas S., et al. (2021) [69] | Spain | European | Cohort | 591 | 121 | 470 | NA | 1825 | HTN, DLP, DM, Smoke, MI, PCI, PAD, HF, Stroke | CP, SBP, DBP/ Hb, Cr, Troponin, GFR | Beta blocker, ACE, Statin/ Clopidogrel, Beta blocker, Statin, ACE-I, Aspirin, Anti-Coagulant | MACE, Death, Revascularization | 9 |
Samuel T.J., et al. (2021) [70] | USA | Americas | Cross-Sectional | 77 | 65 | NA | 12 | NA | HTN, DM, HLP, Smoke | SBP, DBP/ NA | Beta-Blocker, ACE-I, ARB, Statin | NA | 9 |
RodrÃguez-Capitán J., et al. (2021) [71] | Spain | European | Retro-Cohort | 3265 | 2069 | 1196 | NA | 1290 | Smoke, HTN, DM, DLP, HF, Kidney Disease, AF | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Pasupathy S., et al. (2018) [72] | Australia | Western Pacific | Case-Control | 440 | 25 | 25 | NA | NA | HTN, HLP, DM, Smoke, CAD, PCI | NA | NA/ Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I, ARB, Nitrates, CCB, Anti-Platelet | NA | 9 |
Ong P., et al. (2012) [73] | UK | European | Cross-Sectional | 376 | 144 | 139 | NA | NA | HTN, DM, HLP, Smoke, CVD | CP, Dyspnea/ NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Mommersteeg P.M.C., et al. (2017)Â [74] | Netherlands | European | Cross-Sectional | 1870 | 523 | NA | 1347 | NA | Obesity, Smoke, DM, HTN, Lung Disease, DLP, PAD, TIA, Stroke | NA/ CRP, Hb | Statin, ACE-I, Beta-Blocker | NA | 9 |
Rossini R., et al. (2013) [75] | Japan | Western Pacific | Cohort | 1206 | 318 | 888 | NA | 780 ± 480 | Smoke, HTN, DLP, CAD, DM, MI, Stroke, PCI, CABG, AF, Kidney Disease | NA | NA/ Clopidogrel, Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, Aspirin | MACE, Death, MI, Stroke, Bleeding | 9 |
Zeljkovic A., et al. (2014) [76] | USA | Americas | Cross-Sectional | 140 | 40 | 9 | NA | NA | HTN | NA/ TC, TG, LDL, HDL, CRP | NA | NA | 9 |
Reynolds H.R., et al. (2021) [6] | China | Western Pacific | Retro-Cohort | 8518 | 208 | 865 | NA | 780 | HTN, DM, Smoke, MI, HF, AF, COPD, Depression | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Qi L.,et al. (2020) [77] | New York | Americas | Cross-Sectional | 254 | 72 | NA | 48 | NA | Smoke, HTN, DM | NA/ TC, TG, HDL, LDL | NA | NA | 8 |
Planer D., et al. (2014) [78] | Sweden | European | Pro-Cohort | 6921 | 197 | 2245 | NA | 365 | DM, HTN, HLP, Smoke, MI, PCI | NA/ Platelets, Hb, CRP | ASA, Statin, Beta-Blocker, ACE-I, ARB/ Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, Aspirin | Death, CV-Death, MI, Bleeding, Revascularization | 9 |
Eggers K.M., et al. (2019) [79] | Canada | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 106521 | 7266 | 69267 | 4069 | 1387 | Smoke, HTN, DM, HLP, HF, PVD, Stroke, COPD, Dementia, AF | NA/ GFR, EF | Aspirin, P2Y12-I, Beta-Blocker, RAAS-I, Statin/ Beta-Blocker, Statin, Aspirin, P2Y12-I, RAAS-I | MACE, Death, CV-Death, MI, HF, Stroke | 9 |
Chow B.J., et al. (2015) [80] | Korea | south-east Asia | Pro-Cohort | 10418 | 4706 | NA | 5712 | 816 ± 513.33 | HTN, DM, DLP, CAD, Smoke | CP, Dyspnea/ NA | Statin, Aspirin/ Statin, Aspirin | NA | 9 |
Choo E.H., et al. (2019) [81] | USA | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 13104 | 396 | 10871 | NA | 730 | HF, HTN, DM, DLP, CAD, CVA, Smoke, AF | CP, Dyspnea, SBP, DBP/ Cr, CK-MB, Troponin I, Troponin T, HDL, LDL, TG, TC | NA/ Beta-Blocker, Statin, Aspirin, CCB, P2Y12-I, RAAS-I | Death, CV-Death, MI, HF, Cardiogenic Shock, Revascularization | 9 |
Chokshi N.P., et al. (2010) [82] | Sweden | European | Cross-Sectional | 1088 | 106 | 412 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Brolin E.B., et al. (2015) [83] | Sweden | European | Cross-Sectional | 152 | 57 | NA | 58 | NA | Smoke, DM, HTN, HLP, CAD | NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Brolin E.B., et al. (2018) [84] | Canada | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 115 | 49 | 66 | NA | 90 | Smoke, DM, HTN, HLP, CAD | SBP/ GFR, CRP, HDL, LDL, TG, TC | NA | NA | 9 |
Braga J.R., et al. (2019) [85] | Canada | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 12814 | 2254 | 7904 | 2656 | 365 | AF, Cancer, Kidney Disease, COPD, Smoke, Dementia, Depression, DM, HLP, HTN, MI, HF, PVD, Stroke | NA/ Cr, EF | NA | Death, CV-Death, MI, HF, Stroke | 9 |
Edlinger M., et al. (2018) [86] | Italy | European | Cross-Sectional | 8296 | 1606 | 1901 | 1381 | NA | DM, HTN, DLP, Smoke | CP/ HDL, LDL, CRP | NA | NA | 8 |
Dwyer J.P., et al. (2008) [87] | Australia | Western Pacific | Pro-Cohort | 824 | 29 | 151 | NA | 360 | MI, PCI, CABG, DM, HTN | SBP/ TC, LDL, HDL, TG, Smoke | Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Warfarin, Statin, ACE-I, Beta-Blocker, Nitrate, Diuretic | Death, CV-Death, MI | 9 |
Durmaz E., et al. (2020) [7] | Turkey | European | Pro-Cohort | 186 | 126 | 60 | NA | 2920 | HTN, DM, HLP, Smoke | NA/ EF, LDL, CRP | Aspirin, ACE-I, ARB, Beta-Blocker, Statin, Nitrates | NA | 9 |
Dreyer R.P., et al. (2020) [88] | USA | Americas | Cohort | 677106 | 16849 | 269931 | NA | 365 | HF, MI, CVD, Stroke, DM, Kidney Disease, COPD | NA | NA | MACE, Death, MI, HF, Stroke | 9 |
De Ferrari G.M., et al. (2011) [89] | Italy | European | Retro-Cohort | 3306 | 125 | 125 | NA | 1095 | NA | NA/ LDL, HDL, TG, Cr, CRP, CK-MB | NA/ Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, Aspirin, Nitrates, CCB, P2Y12-I, RAAS-I | Death, CV-Death, MI | 9 |
Dasari T.W., et al. (2013) [10] | Spain | European | Retro-Cohort | 354 | 119 | 103 | NA | 360 ± 60 | HTN, DM, CKD, HF, DLP | NA/ TC, TG, HDL, LDL, Cr, Hb, SBP, DBP | Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Beta-Blocker, Statin, CCB, ACE-I, ARB | NA | 9 |
Lopez Pais J., et al. (2022) [90] | Turkey | European | Retro-Cohort | 553 | 109 | 412 | NA | 519 ± 279 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke, Cancer, AF | SBP/ Troponin T, Hb, Cr | NA | MACE, Death, CV-Death, MI, Stroke, Cardiogenic Shock, Pulmonary Edema, Bleeding | 9 |
Asil S., et al. (2022) [14] | Germany | European | Retro-Cohort | 155 | 77 | NA | 78 | 365 | DM, HTN, CAD | NA/ CRP, Cr, EF | NA | NA | 9 |
Kruska M., et al. (2021) [91] | Canada | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 8322 | 72 | 51 | NA | NA | CAD, AF, PAD, TIA, HTN, DM, Smoke, DLP | NA/ EF, Troponin I, Cr, GFR, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, Hb | NA | NA | 9 |
Usui E., et al. (2022) [92] | Canada | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 301 | 58 | 52 | NA | 365 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke, Kidney Disease, MI | NA/ TC, LDL, HDL, TG, Troponin | Aspirin, Statin | NA | 9 |
Taslidere B., et al. (2022) [93] | China | Western Pacific | Cross-Sectional | 217 | 20 | NA | 123 | NA | NA | NA/ Troponin, CK-MB | NA | NA | 9 |
Abdu F.A., et al. (2019) [94] | Canada | Americas | Cohort | 2029 | 128 | 1901 | NA | 365 | HTN, DM, HLP, Smoke, Stroke, AF, HF | SBP, DBP/ EF, CRP, TC, TG, HDH, LDL, CK-MB | NA/ Clopidogrel, Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, Aspirin, CCB | MACE, CV-Death, MI, Stroke, HF | 9 |
Adatia F., et al. (2017) [95] | Canada | Americas | Cohort | 15058 | 125 | 3634 | 82 | 90 | DM, Kidney Disease, PVD, CVA, HF, COPD, Liver Disease, Cancer, HTN | NA | NA/ Clopidogrel, Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, CCB | NA | 8 |
Beigel R., et al. (2013) [96] | New Zealand | Western Pacific | Cohort | 959 | 312 | NA | 545 | 810 ± 330 | DM, HTN, HLP, CAD | NA/ TC, HDL, LDL, TG, Cr, CRP | NA | MACE, Death, CV-Death, | 9 |
Bainey K.R., et al. (2018) [97] | USA | Americas | Cohort | 36214 | 2092 | 33836 | NA | 1825 | MI, HF, PVD, Stroke, TIA, Dementia, DM, Kidney Disease, Cancer, AF | NA | NA | Death, CV-Death, MI, Stroke, HF | 9 |
Andreini D., et al. (2017) [98] | Germany | European | Cohort | 5010 | 952 | NA | 1450 | 1794 ± 417 | HTN, DM, Smoke, DLP | CP/ NA | Statin, Aspirin/ Statin, Aspirin | NA | 9 |
Andersson H.B., et al. (2018) [99] | New Zealand | Western Pacific | Pro-Cohort | 4896 | 298 | 4239 | 256 | 949 | HTN, HLP, Smoke, DM, MI, HF, Stroke | NA | NA | Death, CV-Death, Stroke, Cardiogenic Shock | 9 |
Aldous S., et al. (2015) [100] | USA | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 10962 | 171 | NA | 180 | 730 | MI, HTN, DLP, DM, Smoke, CVA, TIA, PVD | CP/ Troponin | NA/ Clopidogrel, Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, Aspirin | Death, CV-Death, MI, HF, Revascularization | 8 |
Soofi M., et al. (2020) [101] | USA | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 1535 | 229 | 1110 | 196 | 6935 | HTN, HLP, DM, CKD, Smoke, PVD | NA | NA | Death | 9 |
Sharaf B., et al. (2013) [102] | Sweden | European | Pro-Cohort | 917 | 228 | 350 | 339 | 3394.5 | HTN, DM, Smoke, HLP, CAD | CP/ SBP, DBP | Aspirin, ACE-I, Beta-Blocker, Statin | NA | 8 |
Hanson C.A., et al. (2020) [103] | USA | Americas | Cohort | 1579 | 378 | 472 | NA | 2190 | DM, HTN, HLP, HF, PVD, CKD | CP/ NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Gulati M., et al. (2009) [104] | Italy | European | Pro-Cohort | 7603 | 222 | NA | 318 | 1898 | CAD, HTN, DM, Smoke | SBP, DBP/ HDL, LDL | ASA | Death, MI, Stroke, HF | 9 |
Galway S., et al. (2017) [105] | Canada | Americas | Cohort | 15058 | 1088 | 4893 | 1554 | 90 | DM, Kidney Disease, PVD, CVA, HF, COPD, Cancer, Liver Disease | NA | ACE-I, ARB, Beta-Blocker, Statin, CCB, Clopidogrel/ Clopidogrel, Beta-Blocker, Statin, Nitrates | NA | 8 |
Feuchtner G.M., et al. (2010) [8] | Sweden | European | Cross-Sectional | 1060 | 353 | 334 | NA | NA | DM, HTN, HLP, Smoke | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Abdelmonem Y.Y., et al. (2017) [106] | Egypt | Eastern Mediterranean | Case-Control | 200 | 9 | 9 | NA | NA | Smoke, DM, HTN, DLP, CAD, PCI, HF, PVD, Kidney Disease, Stroke | NA/ Troponin I, CK-MB, TC, LDL, HDL, TG, Hb, Cr | NA/ Beta-Blocker, ACE-I or ARB, CCB, | NA | 9 |
Paolisso P., et al. (2021) [107] | Italy | European | Cross-Sectional | 2795 | 239 | 2450 | NA | NA | Smoke, HTN, DLP, DM, MI, Stroke, COPD, PAD, AF | SBP, DBP/ Hb, Cr, TC, LDL, TG | NA | NA | 9 |
Barr P.R., et al. (2017) [108] | New Zealand | Western Pacific | Cohort | 2419 | 302 | 1768 | NA | 792 ± 485 | Smoke, DM, CVD, HF | NA/ LDL, Troponin | NA/ Clopidogrel, Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, Aspirin | NA | 9 |
Ballesteros D., et al. (2019) [109] | Spain | European | Retro-Cohort | 12899 | 622 | 9241 | NA | NA | Smoke, HTN, CAD, DLP, DM, MI, Stroke, PAD, HF, COPD, Kidney Disease | SBP, DBP/ Cr, TC, HDL, TG, Hb | Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Nitrates, Beta-Blocker, CCB, ACE-I, ARB | NA | 9 |
Kuneman J.H., et al. (2022) [110] | Netherlands | European | Cross-Sectional | 5083 | 856 | 2191 | NA | NA | HTN, HLP, Smoke | CP, Dyspnea/ NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Stepien K., et al. (2022) [111] | Poland | European | Retro-Cohort | 1011 | 72 | 939 | NA | 135 | DM, HTN, DLP, Smoke, MI, Stroke | NA/ Hb, Cr, GFR, Troponin, CK-MB | NA/ Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, Aspirin, P2Y12-I | NA | 9 |
Diaz-Arocutipa C., et al. (2021) [112] | Peru | Americas | Pro-Cohort | 161 | 28 | 133 | NA | NA | HTN, DM, CAD, DLP, CKD, PCI | CP, Dyspnea/ EF | NA | NA | 9 |
Zhang H.W., et al. (2021) [9] | China | Western Pacific | Pro-Cohort | 10940 | 1290 | 7801 | NA | 1200 | HTN, DLP, DM, Smoke, CAD | NA/ TC, TG, LDL, HDL, Cr, Hb | Aspirin, Beta-Blocker, CCB, ACE-I, ARB | NA | 9 |
Soman P., et al. (2006) [113] | Mass | Americas | Cross-Sectional | 91 | 36 | NA | 55 | NA | HTN, HLP, DM, CAD, Smoke | NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Radico F., et al. (2015) [114] | Italy | European | Pro-Cohort | 2861 | 956 | NA | 1905 | 2190 ± 162 | HTN, DM, DLP, Smoke, CAD | NA | Statin, ACE-I, ARB/ Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, Anti-Platelet | NA | 8 |
Maddox T.M., et al. (2010) [115] | USA | Americas | Retro-Cohort | 37674 | 8384 | 20899 | 8391 | 365 | HTN, HLP, DM, Smoke, Obesity, HF, COPD, CVD, PAD, Depression, CKD | CP/ NA | Statin, ACE-I, ARB, Beta-Blocker/ Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB | NA | 9 |
Khajouei A.S., et al. (2019) [116] | Iran | Eastern Mediterranean | Retro-Cohort | 527 | 103 | NA | 362 | NA | HTN, HLP, DM, Smoke | NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Ramanath V.S., et al. (2009) [117] | Michigan | Americas | Cohort | 3514 | 123 | 2141 | NA | 180 | HTN, HLP, DM, Smoke, MI, CAD, PVD, Stroke | NA | NA/ Clopidogrel, Beta-Blocker, Statin, ACE-I or ARB, Aspirin | NA | 9 |
Johnson B.D., et al. (2006) [118] | USA | Americas | Cohort | 936 | 412 | 261 | NA | 365 | HTN, DLP, DM, Smoke, CAD, Obesity, Depression | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Vranken N.P.A., et al. (2020) [119] | Netherlands | European | Retro-Cohort | 7693 | 402 | 7291 | NA | 1642.5 ± 1162.59 | HTN, HLP, DM, Smoke, PAD, Kidney Disease, CVA, MI, PCI, CABG | NA/ CK-MB, CRP, Troponin, Cr | NA | NA | 9 |
Janosi A. et al. (2018) [120] | Hungary | European | Cohort | 45223 | 2003 | 43220 | NA | 730 | NA | NA | NA/ Beta-Blocker, Statin, Aspirin, RAAS-I, | NA | 9 |
Fernandez M.C., et al. (2016) [121] | Spain | European | Retro-Cohort | 4499 | 643 | 3856 | NA | 450 ± 298 | NA | NA | NA/ Statin | NA | 9 |
Duran B.A., et al. (2018) [122] | Spain | European | Cohort | 521 | 22 | 87 | NA | 30 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Donati F., et al. (2019) [123] | Italy | European | Cohort | 1990 | 186 | 1804 | NA | 588 ± 387 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Coronel B.I., et al. (2018) [124] | Spain | European | Cohort | 294 | 98 | 196 | NA | 420 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Bossard M., et al. (2019) [125] | Canada | Americas | Cohort | 25086 | 1599 | 21888 | NA | 30 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Li S., et al. (2022) [126] | China | Western Pacific | Cross-Sectional | 631 | 289 | 132 | 101 | NA | HTN, HLP, DM | NA/ Hb, GFR, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, EF | Beta-Blocker | NA | 9 |
Vorobeva D.A., et al. (2022) [127] | Russian | European | Case–Control | 1120 | 16 | 21 | NA | NA | HTN, DLP, DM, CAD, Smoke, Stroke, PAD | NA/ Troponin-I, GFR | NA | NA | 9 |
Zhao X., et al. (2022) [128] | China | Western Pacific | Cross-Sectional | 105 | 21 | 30 | NA | NA | HTN, DLP, DM, Smoke, Obesity | NA/ EF | NA | NA | 8 |
Kilic S., et al. (2020) [129] | Turkey | European | Pro-Cohort | 1793 | 109 | 1517 | NA | NA | HTN, HLP, DM, Smoke, CAD | SBP, DBP/ NA | NA | NA | 9 |
Hjort M., et al. (2023) [130] | Sweden | European | Retro-Cohort | 18624 | 107 | 2755 | NA | NA | HTN, DLP, DM, Smoke, MI, PCI, CABG, HF, Stroke, PAD, Kidney Disease | NA/ GFR, Troponin-T, CRP | Aspirin, Beta-Blocker, RAAS-I, Statin | NA | 9 |