Table 1 Characteristics and outcomes of participants categorized by ACAG^a

ACAG, mmol/L

19.25 (16.75, 22.50)

15.25 (14.00,16.00)

18.00 (17.25,18.50)

20.50 (19.75,21.50)

25.25 (23.56,28.25)

< 0.01

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, n (%)

47 (1.61)

6 (0.88)

14 (1.89)

15 (1.98)

12 (1.62)

0.35

Demographic variables

 Age (years)

78.00 (69.00, 86.00)

77.00 (68.00,85.00)

80.00 (69.00,86.00)

78.00 (71.00,86.00)

77.00 (67.00,85.00)

< 0.01

 Sex, male, n(%)

1604 (54.93)

388 (57.06)

380 (51.28)

405 (53.50)

431 (58.09)

0.03

 Race, White, n(%)

2046 (70.07)

475 (69.85)

544 (73.41)

523 (69.09)

504 (67.92)

0.11

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Myocardial infarction

747 (25.58)

144 (21.18)

166 (22.40)

203 (26.82)

234 (31.54)

< 0.01

 Congestive heart failure

1500 (51.37)

277 (40.74)

367 (49.53)

428 (56.54)

428 (57.68)

< 0.01

 Diabetes

969 (33.18)

170 (25.00)

219 (29.55)

262 (34.61)

318 (42.86)

< 0.01

 Hypertension

1154 (39.52)

278 (40.88)

333 (44.94)

296 (39.10)

247 (33.29)

< 0.01

 Obesity

341 (11.68)

61 (8.97)

80 (10.80)

88 (11.62)

112 (15.09)

< 0.01

 Peripheral vascular disease

446 (15.27)

94 (13.82)

124 (16.73)

101 (13.34)

127 (17.12)

0.09

 Cerebrovascular disease

725 (24.83)

219 (32.21)

210 (28.34)

171 (22.59)

125 (16.85)

< 0.01

 COPD

866 (29.66)

201 (29.56)

201 (27.13)

249 (32.89)

215 (28.98)

0.10

 Rheumatic Disease

138 (4.73)

27 (3.97)

32 (4.32)

37 (4.89)

42 (5.66)

0.45

 Paraplegia

298 (10.21)

103 (15.15)

87 (11.74)

67 (8.85)

41 (5.53)

< 0.01

 Renal Disease

805 (27.57)

100 (14.71)

182 (24.56)

247 (32.63)

276 (37.20)

< 0.01

 Liver Disease

178 (6.10)

19 (2.79)

35 (4.72)

36 (4.76)

88 (11.86)

< 0.01

Laboratory data

 Hematocrit, %

35.80 (31.60, 40.50)

36.90 (32.30,41.00)

35.30 (31.30,40.10)

35.50 (31.40,40.20)

36.05 (31.50,40.80)

< 0.01

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.70 (10.20, 13.30)

12.10 (10.60,13.50)

11.60 (10.20,13.10)

11.60 (10.10,13.20)

11.70 (10.03,13.30)

< 0.01

 Platelets, K/uL

211.00 (161.00, 279.00)

201.00 (158.00,251.25)

212.00 (167.00,270.00)

213.00 (163.00,284.00)

220.00 (157.25,306.00)

< 0.01

 WBC, K/uL

12.90 (9.30, 18.00)

10.30 (8.00,14.10)

12.40 (9.10,16.80)

13.20 (9.50,18.30)

16.25 (11.30,22.17)

< 0.01

 RDW, %

14.60 (13.70, 16.00)

14.10 (13.40,15.30)

14.40 (13.70,15.70)

14.80 (13.70,16.30)

15.00 (14.00,16.67)

< 0.01

 Albumin, g/dL

3.40 (2.90, 3.80)

3.70 (3.30,4.00)

3.40 (3.00,3.80)

3.40 (2.90,3.70)

3.20 (2.70,3.60)

< 0.01

 AG, mmol/L

17.00 (14.00, 20.00)

13.00 (12.00,14.00)

15.00 (14.00,16.00)

18.00 (17.00,19.00)

22.00 (20.25,25.00)

< 0.01

 BUN, mg/dL

27.00 (19.00, 45.00)

21.00 (16.00,28.00)

24.00 (17.00,34.00)

29.00 (21.00,48.00)

46.00 (29.00,69.00)

< 0.01

 Calcium, mg/dL

8.60 (8.20, 9.10)

8.80 (8.30,9.20)

8.60 (8.20,9.10)

8.60 (8.20,9.10)

8.50 (8.00,9.10)

< 0.01

 Chloride, mEq/L

105.00 (102.00, 109.00)

106.00 (102.00,109.00)

106.00 (102.00,109.00)

105.00 (101.00,110.00)

105.00 (101.00,110.00)

0.67

 Creatinine, mg/dL

1.30 (0.90, 1.90)

1.00 (0.80,1.20)

1.10 (0.80,1.50)

1.30 (1.00,1.90)

2.10 (1.40,3.10)

< 0.01

 Glucose, g/dL

152.00 (121.00, 208.00)

133.00 (110.00,165.00)

146.00 (119.00,188.00)

159.00 (126.00,212.00)

189.00 (140.00,269.00)

< 0.01

 Sodium, mEq/L

140.00 (138.00, 143.00)

141.00 (138.00,143.00)

140.00 (138.00,143.00)

140.00 (137.00,143.00)

140.00 (137.00,144.00)

0.19

 Potassium, mEq/L

4.50 (4.10, 5.00)

4.30 (4.00,4.70)

4.40 (4.10,4.80)

4.40 (4.10,5.00)

4.90 (4.40,5.60)

< 0.01

 INR

1.40 (1.20, 2.10)

1.30 (1.20,1.70)

1.40 (1.20,2.00)

1.40 (1.20,2.00)

1.60 (1.30,2.77)

< 0.01

 Prothrombin time, s

15.70 (13.30, 22.40)

14.55 (12.90,18.20)

15.80 (13.20,21.60)

15.50 (13.30,21.30)

17.85 (14.30,29.80)

< 0.01

 Partial thromboplastin time, s

35.40 (29.60, 54.52)

33.00 (28.80,42.50)

34.50 (29.00,49.50)

35.50 (29.30,57.20)

41.25 (31.63,70.28)

< 0.01

Vital signs

 Heart rate, beats/min

85.00 (73.00, 98.00)

79.00 (70.00,91.00)

83.00 (72.00,96.00)

87.00 (75.00,99.00)

92.00 (78.00,105.00)

< 0.01

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

115.00 (106.00, 128.00)

121.00 (110.00,134.00)

119.00 (108.00,131.00)

114.00 (105.00,128.00)

110.00 (102.00,118.00)

< 0.01

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

62.00 (55.00, 69.00)

64.00 (56.00,72.00)

63.00 (55.00,70.00)

62.00 (55.00,69.00)

60.00 (53.25,67.00)

< 0.01

 Mean blood pressure, mmHg

77.00 (71.00, 85.00)

80.00 (73.00,88.00)

78.00 (71.00,85.00)

76.00 (70.00,84.00)

74.00 (68.00,81.00)

< 0.01

Clinical severity

 SOFA

5.00 (3.00, 8.00)

3.00 (2.00,5.00)

4.00 (2.00,6.00)

5.00 (3.00,8.00)

7.00 (5.00,11.00)

< 0.01

 OASIS

34.00 (29.00, 40.00)

31.00 (26.00,37.00)

34.00 (28.00,39.00)

34.00 (29.00,39.00)

38.00 (32.00,46.00)

< 0.01

 SAPS II

39.00 (32.00, 49.00)

34.00 (28.00,40.00)

37.00 (31.00,45.00)

40.00 (33.00,48.00)

49.00 (40.00,60.00)

< 0.01

Diagnostic and therapeutic, n (%)

 Aspirin

1246 (42.67)

301 (44.26)

303 (40.89)

337 (44.52)

305 (41.11)

0.33

 Clopidogrel

218 (7.47)

45 (6.62)

47 (6.34)

63 (8.32)

63 (8.49)

0.26

 Statin

1220 (41.78)

321 (47.21)

333 (44.94)

315 (41.61)

251 (33.83)

< 0.01

 Beta-Blockers

1896 (64.93)

461 (67.79)

484 (65.32)

505 (66.71)

446 (60.11)

0.01

 ACEI/ARB

286 (9.79)

73 (10.74)

89 (12.01)

70 (9.25)

54 (7.28)

0.02

 Amiodarone

720 (24.66)

140 (20.59)

163 (22.00)

172 (22.72)

245 (33.02)

< 0.01

 Dabigatran

26 (0.89)

5 (0.74)

6 (0.81)

10 (1.32)

5 (0.67)

0.53

 Heparin

2263 (77.50)

473 (69.56)

561 (75.71)

597 (78.86)

632 (85.18)

< 0.01

 Warfarin

568 (19.45)

128 (18.82)

163 (22.00)

139 (18.36)

138 (18.60)

0.25

 Vasoactive drugs

2203(75.45)

481 (70.74)

525 (70.85)

579 (76.49)

618 (83.29)

< 0.01

 Intra-aortic balloon pump

23 (0.79)

2 (0.29)

7 (0.94)

8 (1.06)

6 (0.81)

0.383

 Coronary angiography

48 (1.64)

6 (0.88)

14 (1.89)

15 (1.98)

13 (1.75)

0.347

Length of stay, days

 Length of stay in hospital

9.00 (5.00, 14.00)

7.00 (5.00,12.00)

9.00 (6.00,14.00)

9.00 (5.00,15.00)

10.00 (6.00,17.00)

< 0.01

 Length of stay in ICU

3.00 (2.00, 6.00)

3.00 (2.00,5.00)

3.00 (2.00,6.00)

3.00 (2.00,6.00)

4.00 (2.00,8.00)

< 0.01

Events, n (%)

 Hospital mortality

530 (18.15)

72 (10.59)

84 (11.34)

137 (18.10)

237 (31.94)

< 0.01

 30-day mortality

669 (22.91)

99 (14.56)

124 (16.73)

175 (23.12)

271 (36.52)

< 0.01

 365-day mortality

1145 (39.21)

192 (28.24)

239 (32.25)

314 (41.48)

400 (53.91)

< 0.01