Table 1 Base line characteristics of the included studies

Study 1

78.3% (male)

74.3 ± 8.3

2.0-3.7

Yasuda et al., 2019 [3]

Study 2

Random

54 ± 5

> 1

Lopes et al., 2019 [6]

Study 3

Random

74

1.0–2.0

Popma et al., 2019 [8]

Study 4

59.5% (male)

> 18

1

Gialdini et al., 2014 [22]

Study 5

60% (male)

52 ± 8.2

0.5–1.4

Wang et al., 2015 [33]

Study 6

56% (male)

45 ± 19.5

> 1

Kaatz et al., 2010 [32]

Study 7

51% (male)

≥ 67

1.3 to 1.5

Koshy et al., 2019 [9]

Study 8

53%(male)

18<

> 1

Lotfi et al., 2011 [12]

Study 9

male 73.3%

≥ 70

> 1

Barbieri et al., 2013 [24]

Study 10

males (77%)

72

8.5

Konstantino et al., 2016 [1]

Study 11

males (79%)

68.9 ± 7.7

9.8

Thorén et al., 2020 [14]

Study 12

male 63.3%

≥ 75

1

Ye et al., 2022 [31]

Study 13

males (57%)

75 ± 8

2

Kefer et al., 2015 [2]

Study 14

males (59%)

63 ± 7.3

> 1

Işık et al., 2021 [25]

Study 15

males (71.5%)

≥ 65

3.5 ± 1.3

Qureshi et al., 2016 [13]

Study 16

males (59%)

> 65

0.5–1.6

Healey et al., 2005 [7]