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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the training and validation cohorts

From: Development and validation of an integrated prognostic model for all-cause mortality in heart failure: a comprehensive analysis combining clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters

 

[ALL]

N = 445

Train

N = 312

Test

N = 133

P value

Death

   

0.178

 No

303 (68.09%)

219 (70.19%)

84 (63.16%)

 

 Yes

142 (31.91%)

93 (29.81%)

49 (36.84%)

 

Gender

   

0.936

 Female

141(31.69%)

98(31.41%)

43(32.33%)

 

 Male

304(68.31%)

214(68.59%)

90(67.67%)

 

Smoke

   

0.700

 Never smoker

234 (52.58%)

165 (52.88%)

69 (51.88%)

 

 Former smoker

121(27.19%)

87(27.88%)

34(25.56%)

 

 Current smoker

90(20.22%)

60(19.23%)

30(22.56%)

 

Drink

   

0.279

 Non-drinker

276 (62.02%)

200 (64.10%)

76 (57.14%)

 

 Occasional drinker

115 (25.84%)

74 (23.72%)

41 (30.83%)

 

 Regular drinker

54 (12.13%)

38 (12.18%)

16 (12.03%)

 

NYHA

   

0.037

 II

155 (34.83%)

119 (38.14%)

36 (27.07%)

 

 III

216 (48.54%)

148 (47.44%)

68 (51.13%)

 

 IV

74 (16.63%)

45 (14.42%)

29 (21.80%)

 

VHD

   

1.000

 No

386 (86.74%)

271 (86.86%)

115 (86.47%)

 

 Yes

59 (13.26%)

41 (13.14%)

18 (13.53%)

 

Presence of shunt

   

0.109

 No

438 (98.43%)

305 (97.76%)

133 (100.00%)

 

 Yes

7 (1.57%)

7 (2.24%)

0 (0.00%)

 

Shunt at great vessel level left to right

   

0.328

 No

440 (98.88%)

307 (98.40%)

133 (100.00%)

 

 Yes

5 (1.12%)

5 (1.60%)

0 (0.00%)

 

Shunt at atrial level left to right

   

0.328

 No

440 (98.88%)

307 (98.40%)

133 (100.00%)

 

 Yes

5 (1.12%)

5 (1.60%)

0 (0.00%)

 

Segmental wall motion abnormality

   

1.000

 No

327 (73.48%)

229 (73.40%)

98 (73.68%)

 

 Yes

118 (26.52%)

83 (26.60%)

35 (26.32%)

 

Pericardial effusion

   

0.059

 No

384 (86.29%)

276 (88.46%)

108 (81.20%)

 

 Yes

61 (13.71%)

36 (11.54%)

25 (18.80%)

 

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction

   

0.688

 No

334 (75.06%)

232 (74.36%)

102 (76.69%)

 

 Yes

111 (24.94%)

80 (25.64%)

31 (23.31%)

 

Left ventricular systolic dysfunction

   

0.636

 No

402 (90.34%)

280 (89.74%)

122 (91.73%)

 

 Yes

43 (9.66%)

32 (10.26%)

11 (8.27%)

 

Left ventricular cavity

   

0.905

 No

375 (84.27%)

262 (83.97%)

113 (84.96%)

 

 Yes

70 (15.73%)

50 (16.03%)

20 (15.04%)

 

Right ventricular cavity

   

0.886

 No

388 (87.19%)

273 (87.50%)

115 (86.47%)

 

 Yes

57 (12.81%)

39 (12.50%)

18 (13.53%)

 

Left atrial cavity

   

0.242

 No

238 (53.48%)

173 (55.45%)

65 (48.87%)

 

 Yes

207 (46.52%)

139 (44.55%)

68 (51.13%)

 

Right atrial cavity

   

0.116

 No

341 (76.63%)

246 (78.85%)

95 (71.43%)

 

 Yes

104 (23.37%)

66 (21.15%)

38 (28.57%)

 

Atrial septal defect

   

0.558

 No

442 (99.33%)

309 (99.04%)

133 (100.00%)

 

 Yes

3 (0.67%)

3 (0.96%)

0 (0.00%)

 

Apical thrombus

   

0.290

 No

436 (97.98%)

304 (97.44%)

132 (99.25%)

 

 Yes

9 (2.02%)

8 (2.56%)

1 (0.75%)

 

Ventricular aneurysm

   

0.990

 No

420 (94.38%)

295 (94.55%)

125 (93.98%)

 

 Yes

25 (5.62%)

17 (5.45%)

8 (6.02%)

 

Valve annulus calcification

   

0.944

 No

416 (93.48%)

291 (93.27%)

125 (93.98%)

 

 Yes

29 (6.52%)

21 (6.73%)

8 (6.02%)

 

Aortic valve annulus calcification

   

1.000

 No

417 (93.71%)

292 (93.59%)

125 (93.98%)

 

 Yes

28 (6.29%)

20 (6.41%)

8 (6.02%)

 

Mitral valve annulus calcification

   

0.680

 No

438 (98.43%)

306 (98.08%)

132 (99.25%)

 

 Yes

7 (1.57%)

6 (1.92%)

1 (0.75%)

 

Prosthetic valve

   

1.000

 No

433 (97.30%)

303 (97.12%)

130 (97.74%)

 

 Yes

12 (2.70%)

9 (2.88%)

3 (2.26%)

 

Aortic prosthetic valve

   

0.674

 No

439 (98.65%)

307 (98.40%)

132 (99.25%)

 

 Yes

6 (1.35%)

5 (1.60%)

1 (0.75%)

 

Mitral prosthetic valve

   

1.000

 No

436 (97.98%)

305 (97.76%)

131 (98.50%)

 

 Yes

9 (2.02%)

7 (2.24%)

2 (1.50%)

 

Presence of stenosis

   

0.770

 No

422 (94.83%)

297 (95.19%)

125 (93.98%)

 

 Yes

23 (5.17%)

15 (4.81%)

8 (6.02%)

 

Aortic valve stenosis severity

   

0.209

 0

433 (97.30%)

305 (97.76%)

128 (96.24%)

 

 1

6 (1.35%)

3 (0.96%)

3 (2.26%)

 

 2

3 (0.67%)

1 (0.32%)

2 (1.50%)

 

 3

3 (0.67%)

3 (0.96%)

0 (0.00%)

 

Mitral valve stenosis severity

   

0.169

 0

429 (96.40%)

302 (96.79%)

127 (95.49%)

 

 1

12 (2.70%)

9 (2.88%)

3 (2.26%)

 

 2

2 (0.45%)

1 (0.32%)

1 (0.75%)

 

 3

2 (0.45%)

0 (0.00%)

2 (1.50%)

 

Presence of regurgitation

   

0.944

 No

29 (6.52%)

21 (6.73%)

8 (6.02%)

 

 Yes

416 (93.48%)

291 (93.27%)

125 (93.98%)

 

Aortic regurgitation severity

   

0.585

 0

236 (53.03%)

168 (53.85%)

68 (51.13%)

 

 1

160 (35.96%)

108 (34.62%)

52 (39.10%)

 

 2

40 (8.99%)

28 (8.97%)

12 (9.02%)

 

 3

9 (2.02%)

8 (2.56%)

1 (0.75%)

 

Mitral regurgitation severity

   

0.093

 0

107 (24.04%)

84 (26.92%)

23 (17.29%)

 

 1

240 (53.93%)

162 (51.92%)

78 (58.65%)

 

 2

75 (16.85%)

53 (16.99%)

22 (16.54%)

 

 3

23 (5.17%)

13 (4.17%)

10 (7.52%)

 

Tricuspid regurgitation severity

   

0.642

 0

102 (22.92%)

76 (24.36%)

26 (19.55%)

 

 1

261 (58.65%)

182 (58.33%)

79 (59.40%)

 

 2

61 (13.71%)

40 (12.82%)

21 (15.79%)

 

 3

21 (4.72%)

14 (4.49%)

7 (5.26%)

 

Pulmonary regurgitation severity

   

0.590

 0

254 (57.08%)

175 (56.09%)

79 (59.40%)

 

 1

163 (36.63%)

118 (37.82%)

45 (33.83%)

 

 2

22 (4.94%)

16 (5.13%)

6 (4.51%)

 

 3

6 (1.35%)

3 (0.96%)

3 (2.26%)

 

Left ventricular wall thickness status

   

0.879

 No

378 (84.94%)

264 (84.62%)

114 (85.71%)

 

 Yes

67 (15.06%)

48 (15.38%)

19 (14.29%)

 

Interventricular septal thickness status

   

0.214

 No

442 (99.33%)

311 (99.68%)

131 (98.50%)

 

 Yes

3 (0.67%)

1 (0.32%)

2 (1.50%)

 

Pulmonary artery mean pressure

   

0.874

 No

365 (82.02%)

257 (82.37%)

108 (81.20%)

 

 Yes

80 (17.98%)

55 (17.63%)

25 (18.80%)

 

Diastolic dysfunction

   

0.688

 No

334 (75.06%)

232 (74.36%)

102 (76.69%)

 

 Yes

111 (24.94%)

80 (25.64%)

31 (23.31%)

 

Systolic dysfunction

   

0.636

 No

402 (90.34%)

280 (89.74%)

122 (91.73%)

 

 Yes

43 (9.66%)

32 (10.26%)

11 (8.27%)

 

Ventricular rate(bpm)

80.00 [68.00;92.00]

79.00 [66.00;91.00]

83.00 [71.00;95.00]

0.023

Atrial rate(bpm)

79.00 [69.00;92.00]

79.00 [67.00;90.25]

79.00 [73.00;100.00]

0.017

QRS Duration(ms)

98.00 [86.00;110.00]

98.00 [86.00;108.25]

96.00 [86.00;112.00]

0.926

QT Interval(ms)

400.00[368.00;430.00]

402.00[370.00;432.50]

400.00[362.00;426.00]

0.107

QTc Calculation(ms)

461.00[435.00;484.00]

460.00[434.75;482.00]

465.00[435.00;488.00]

0.389

QRS Count

13.00 [11.00;15.00]

13.00 [11.00;15.00]

14.00 [12.00;16.00]

0.021

Q Onset(ms)

217.00[213.00;220.00]

217.00[213.00;220.00]

217.00[213.00;221.00]

0.626

Q Offset(ms)

265.00[262.00;270.00]

265.00[262.00;270.00]

265.00[261.00;271.00]

0.858

T Offset(ms)

417.00[402.00;433.00]

418.00[404.00;435.00]

416.00[398.00;429.00]

0.143

QTc Fredericia(ms)

437.00[416.00;461.00]

438.00[417.00;461.00]

436.00[413.00;460.00]

0.609

QTc Framingham(ms)

437.00[416.00;459.00]

437.00[417.00;459.25]

435.00[415.00;458.00]

0.473

Age(years)

63.98 [52.58;72.84]

64.09 [52.30;73.03]

63.35 [53.05;72.60]

0.662

SBP(mmHg)

131.00[116.00;145.00]

130.00[115.00;143.00]

133.00[117.00;148.00]

0.352

DBP(mmHg)

75.00[67.00;86.00]

75.00[67.00;85.00]

77.00[67.00;88.00]

0.501

HR(bpm)

79.00[71.00;93.00]

79.00[70.00;91.25]

80.00[72.00;96.00]

0.241

EF(%)

45.00[35.00;56.00]

45.00[35.00;57.00]

44.00[35.00;56.00]

0.616

Aortic diameter(mm)

32.00[30.00;35.00]

32.00[30.00;35.00]

32.00[30.00;35.00]

0.698

Left atrial anteroposterior diameter(mm)

42.00[39.00;46.00]

42.00[39.00;46.00]

42.00[39.00;46.00]

0.488

Left ventricular posterior wall thickness(mm)

11.00[10.00;11.00]

11.00[10.00;11.00]

11.00[10.00;11.00]

0.643

Right atrial diameter transverse(mm)

38.00[34.00;43.00]

38.00[33.00;42.00]

38.00[34.00;45.00]

0.173

Right ventricular diameter transverse(mm)

35.00[32.00;40.00]

35.00[32.00;39.00]

36.00[33.00;41.00]

0.445

Left ventricular shortening fraction(mm)

24.00[18.00;30.00]

24.00[18.00;30.00]

24.00[18.00;29.00]

0.653

Right pulmonary artery diameter(mm)

12.00[11.00;13.00]

12.00[11.00;13.00]

12.00[11.00;13.00]

0.410

BMI(kg/m²)

24.97[22.47;27.68]

24.89[22.53;27.56]

25.25[22.47;27.82]

0.604

NT-proBNP/1000(pg/mL/1000)

2.94[1.05;8.89]

2.81[0.98;8.41]

3.37[1.49;10.96]

0.104

  1. Median: The middle value of the dataset when arranged in ascending order
  2. IQR: Interquartile Range, the range between the 1st quartile (Q₁) and the 3rd quartile (Q₃) of the dataset
  3. n: Frequency, the count of occurrences of a particular value
  4. %: Percentage, the proportion of a particular value relative to the total sample size
  5. Abbreviation: NYHA: New York Heart Association; VHD: Valvular heart disease; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; EF: Ejection fraction; BMI: body mass index; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
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