Fig. 3

Population-level changes in ageing, population growth, and epidemiologic factors for prevalence (A) and YLDs (B) across various SDI and GBD regions from 1990 to 2021. Black dots represent the overall change from all three components. Positive values indicate a positive contribution, whereas negative values indicate a negative contribution. Abbreviations: GBD, Global Burden of Disease; HF, heart failure; ILD, interstitial lung disease; SDI, Socio-demographic Index; YLDs, years lived with disability