| PSO-BP a | 1D-CNN b | 2D-CNN c | LSTM d |
---|
Duration (h) | 5.8 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.4 |
R2 (%) | 92.5 ± 3.2 | 92.1 ± 4.5 | 96.8 ± 1.6 | 97.5 ± 1.2 |
MAE (mV) e | 3.01 ± 0.79 | 2.07 ± 0.23 | 1.48 ± 0.16 | 1.20 ± 0.13 |
- a PSO-BP = Particle swarm optimization-back propagation neural network, b 1D-CNN = One-dimensional convolutional neural network, c 2D-CNN = Two-dimensional convolutional neural network, d LSTM = Long short-term memory network