Table 2 Examples of complications by CDCC and by organ system
Grade | Organ System | Complication With Invasiveness of Treatment | n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
I | Cardiac | Arrhythmia not requiring antiarrhythmic agents | 20(2.7%) |
Transfusion of 1–2 red blood cell (RBC) units in the absence of reoperation for bleeding or hypovolemic shock | 61(8.3%) | ||
Pulmonary | Respiratory failure or pulmonary infection requiring physical therapy or no further treatment | 59(8.0%) | |
Pleural effusion, atelectasis or other conditions not require special treatment | 70(9.5%) | ||
Gastrointestinal | Ileus, diarrhea, vomiting, etc., requiring bowel rest | 14(1.9%) | |
Acute liver injury (Serum alanine transaminase elevation > 2 upper limit of normal) | 44(6.0%) | ||
Renal | Creatinine elevation > 1.5× preoperative value | 88(11.9%) | |
Neurological | Transient ischemic attack without sequelae | 12(1.6%) | |
II | Cardiac | Arrhythmia requiring antiarrhythmic agents | 57(7.7%) |
Transfusion of more than 2 RBC units in the absence of reoperation for bleeding or hypovolemic shock | 93(12.6%) | ||
Inotrope requirements for more than 24 h without intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) or low cardiac output syndrome | 312(42.3%) | ||
Pulmonary | Pneumoniae treated with antibiotics | 21(2.8%) | |
The ventilator supports for more than 48 h | 15(2.0%) | ||
Gastrointestinal | Gastric tube or parenteral nutrition | 12(1.6%) | |
Neurological | Delirium requiring antipsychotics | 16(2.2%) | |
IIIa | Cardiac | Requirement of pacemaker implantation or electrical cardioversion | 23(3.1%) |
Emergent angiogram +/- Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | 2(0.3%) | ||
Pulmonary | Pleural effusion requiring a thoracic drain | 115(15.6%) | |
The ventilator supports for more than 72 h | 20(2.7%) | ||
Gastrointestinal | Gastrointestinal bleed requiring endoscopy | 4(0.5%) | |
IIIb | Cardiac | Procedure under general anesthesia for any cause (including redo CABG, reoperation for bleeding, reoperation for valve dysfunction) | 19(2.6%) |
IVa | Cardiac | Cardiac failure requiring increasing inotropes, IABP, ventricular assist devices, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) | 14(1.9%) |
Pulmonary | Respiratory failure requiring prolonged intubation/ventilation, reintubation, or tracheostomy | 16(2.2%) | |
Gastrointestinal | Bowel ischemia requiring intensive care unit support | 1(0.1%) | |
Renal | Acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) | 16(2.2%) | |
Neurological | Acute ischemic stroke | 19(2.6%) | |
IVb | Combination | Readmission to the ICU for impairment of ≥ 2 organ systems (e.g., Cardiac arrest) | 20(2.7%) |
V | Death | Death from any cause | 3(0.4%) |