Table 1 Clinical characteristics and risk factors of acute coronary syndrome presenting at emergency department, National referral hospital, Bhutan, 2022–2023
Types of ACS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | STEMI | NSTEMI | UA | P-value | ||
n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | ||||
Age (years) | ||||||
< 40 | 7 (10.4) | 1 (4.5) | 5 (12.8) | 1 (16.7) | 0.071 | |
40–59 | 19 (28.4) | 8 (36.4) | 7 (17.9) | 4 (66.6) | ||
60 and more | 41 (61.2) | 13 (59.1) | 27 (69.2) | 1 (16.7) | ||
Mean age ± SD | 63.5 ± 16.8 | 64.5 ± 17.3 | 64.5 ± 15.9 | 52.8 ± 19.4 | 0.269 | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 45 (67.2) | 18 (81.8) | 23 (59.0) | 4 (66.7) | 0.189 | |
Female | 22 (32.8) | 4 (18.2) | 16 (41.0) | 2 (33.3) | ||
Symptoms | ||||||
Chest pain | 54 (29.7) | 21 (28.0) | 28 (30.1) | 5 (35.7) | ||
Shortness of breath | 48 (26.4) | 17 (22.3) | 27 (29.0) | 4 (28.6) | ||
Nausea vomiting | 31 (17.0) | 14 (18.7) | 15 (16.1) | 2 (14.3) | ||
Sweating | 17 (9.3) | 9 (12.0) | 7 (7.5) | 1 (7.1) | ||
Left arm pain | 13 (7.1) | 8 (10.7) | 5 (5.3) | 0 | ||
Epigastric pain | 6 (3.3) | 1 (1.3) | 5 (5.3) | 0 | ||
Giddiness | 4 (2.2) | 1 (1.3) | 3 (3.2) | 0 | ||
Syncope | 4 (2.2) | 3 (4.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | ||
Abdominal pain | 3 (1.6) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (7.1) | ||
Palpitation | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 0 | 1 (7.1) | ||
Cough | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 0 | ||
Time from onset to arrive at emergency (hours) | ||||||
0–12 | 29 (45.3) | 14 (66.7) | 14 (37.8) | 1 (16.7) | 0.048 | |
13–24 | 7 (10.9) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (8.1) | 2 (33.3) | ||
> 24 | 28 (43.8) | 5 (23.8) | 20 (54.1) | 3 (50.0) | ||
Median time (IQR) | 23 (3.1–48.0) | 3.5 (1.1–30.0) | 36 (6.0–54.0) | 48 (16.5–96.5) | 0.005 | |
History of medical disorders | ||||||
Hypertension | 40 (42.6) | 12 (40.0) | 26 (43.3) | 2 (50.0) | ||
Diabetes | 16 (17.0) | 5 (16.7) | 11 (18.3) | 0 | ||
Dyslipidemia | 13 (13.8) | 7 (23.3) | 6 (10) | 0 | ||
COPD | 7 (7.4) | 1 (3.3) | 5 (8.3) | 1 (25.0) | ||
Atrial fibrillation | 3 (3.2) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (25.0) | ||
Chronic kidney diseases | 3 (3.2) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (3.3) | 0 | ||
Heart Failure | 2 (2.1) | 0 | 2 (3.3) | 0 | ||
Stroke | 2 (2.1) | 0 | 2 (3.3) | 0 | ||
Ischemic heart disease | 1 (1.1) | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 0 | ||
Hypothyroid | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 0 | ||
Alcohol liver disease | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 0 | ||
BPH | 1 (1.1) | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 0 | ||
Cholelithiasis | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 0 | ||
Osteoarthritis | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 0 | ||
Obesity | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 0 | ||
Multiple Myeloma | 1 (1.1) | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 0 | ||
Smoking | ||||||
Yes | 22 (32.8) | 6 (28.6) | 15 (38.5) | 1 (16.7) | 0.490 | |
No | 45 (67.2) | 15 (71.4) | 24 (61.5) | 5 (83.3) | ||
Family history of CAD | ||||||
Yes | 2 (2.9) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | 0 | 0.490 | |
No | 65 (97.1) | 21 (100.0) | 37 (94.9) | 6 (100.0) | ||
History of CAD | ||||||
Yes | 3 (4.5) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (5.3) | 0 | 0.849 | |
No | 64 (95.5) | 20 (95.2) | 36 (94.7) | 6 (100.0) | ||