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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to combined SDOH*

From: Social determinants of health (SDOH) associated with the risk of all-cause mortality and life expectancy in US adults with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a NHANES 2001–2018 cohort study

Characteristic

Overall

Favorable

(n = 3387)

Medium

(n = 3313)

Unfavorable

(n = 3340)

p1

sex, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 Female

4,779 (48%)

1,458 (45%)

1,606 (50%)

1,715 (51%)

 

 Male

5,261 (52%)

1,929 (55%)

1,707 (50%)

1,625 (49%)

 

Age, years, Median (IQR)

49.00 (35.00, 61.00)

53.00 (41.00, 64.00)

46.00 (31.00, 61.00)

41.00 (28.00, 55.00)

< 0.001

Age strata, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 20–45

4,188 (44%)

1,067 (33%)

1,385 (49%)

1,736 (57%)

 

 46–65

3,630 (38%)

1,411 (45%)

1,049 (31%)

1,170 (35%)

 

 over 65

2,222 (18%)

909 (21%)

879 (20%)

434 (8.4%)

 

Race, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 White

4,574 (70%)

2,099 (84%)

1,447 (67%)

1,028 (48%)

 

 Black

1,973 (9.7%)

318 (3.0%)

672 (10%)

983 (21%)

 

 Other

3,493 (20%)

970 (13%)

1,194 (23%)

1,329 (31%)

 

BMI, Median (IQR)

28.50 (25.30, 32.90)

28.00 (25.20, 32.10)

28.90 (25.41, 33.10)

29.00 (25.20, 33.99)

0.002

Obesity status, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 Normal weight

2,241 (23%)

816 (23%)

698 (21%)

727 (23%)

 

 Overweight

3,706 (37%)

1,341 (40%)

1,235 (36%)

1,130 (33%)

 

 Obesity

4,093 (40%)

1,230 (36%)

1,380 (43%)

1,483 (44%)

 

Smoke status, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 current

2,032 (20%)

332 (11%)

572 (18%)

1,128 (39%)

 

 former

2,624 (27%)

1,063 (32%)

907 (27%)

654 (19%)

 

 never

5,384 (53%)

1,992 (57%)

1,834 (55%)

1,558 (42%)

 

Alcohol use, n (%)

7,666 (81%)

2,681 (83%)

2,470 (78%)

2,515 (80%)

0.002

Diet, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 Unhealthy

3,347 (34%)

892 (27%)

1,089 (35%)

1,366 (43%)

 

 Moderate

3,346 (33%)

1,066 (32%)

1,155 (35%)

1,125 (33%)

 

 Healthy

3,347 (34%)

1,429 (41%)

1,069 (31%)

849 (24%)

 

Physical activity, n (%)

    

< 0.001

 inactive

3,843 (35%)

1,152 (32%)

1,321 (36%)

1,370 (38%)

 

 active

6,197 (65%)

2,235 (68%)

1,992 (64%)

1,970 (62%)

 

Hypertension, n (%)

5,228 (48%)

1,793 (49%)

1,774 (49%)

1,661 (45%)

0.021

Diabetes, n (%)

1,885 (14%)

548 (12%)

683 (15%)

654 (16%)

0.004

Cardiovascular disease, n (%)

1,106 (9.1%)

329 (8.4%)

349 (9.0%)

428 (11%)

0.027

Cancer, n (%)

941 (9.8%)

450 (13%)

304 (8.8%)

187 (5.0%)

< 0.001

CKMS# stage, n (%)

    

0.003

 1

2,062 (23%)

754 (24%)

636 (21%)

672 (23%)

 

 2

4,277 (41%)

1,457 (43%)

1,443 (42%)

1,377 (37%)

 

 3

2,595 (27%)

847 (25%)

885 (29%)

863 (29%)

 

 4

1,106 (9.1%)

329 (8.4%)

349 (9.0%)

428 (11%)

 
  1. *SDOH, social determinants of health; SDOH was grouped into tertiles: the bottom tertile represented the favorable, the middle tertile represented the medium, and the top tertile represented the unfavorable
  2. Data are presented as weighted median (IQR) for continuous variables and unweighted frequencies (weighted percentages) for categorical variables; BMI, body mass index
  3. #CKMS, Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome
  4. 1chi-squared test with Rao & Scott’s second-order correction; Wilcoxon rank-sum test for complex survey samples
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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