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Table 2 Clinical, biochemical, and risk profiles of people living with hypertension

From: Prevalence and determinants of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension among patients in South African primary care: a single-centre observational study

Variable

Total

N = 400

No aTRH

N = 325

aTRH

N = 75

p-value

Uncontrolled TRH

N = 44

Controlled TRH

N = 31

p-value

Clinical profile

       

Duration of hypertension treatment

       

 1–5 years

60(15.0)

53(16.3)

7(9.3)

0.149

6(13.6)

1(3.2)

0.228

 5–10 years

73(18.3)

62(19.1)

11(14.7)

0.188

5(11.4)

6(19.6)

0.509

 > 10 years

267(66.8)

210(64.6)

57(76.0)

0.232

33(75.0)

24(77.4)

0.809

Total number of prescription medications, median (IQR)

7(4)

7(3)

9(3)

< 0.001

10(3)

9(4)

0.467

Total anti-hypertensive medication, median (IQR)

3(2)

3(1)

4(1)

< 0.001

4(2)

4(1)

0.452

Hypertensive-mediated organ damage

       

Hypertensive retinopathy n, (%)

       

Present

19(4.8)

16(4.9)

3(4.0)

0.194

2(4.5)

1(3.22)

1.00

Negative

4(1.0)

2(0.6)

2(2.7)

 

1(2.3)

1(3.22)

 

Not documented

377(94.3)

      

Electrocardiographic LVH n, (%)

       

Present

164(41.0)

117(36.0)

47(62.6)

0.001

31(70.4)

16(51.6)

0.001

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) mL/min/1.73 m² median (IQR)

79(33.0)

80(30.0)

71(36.0)

0.003

68(35.0)

76(30.0)

0.228

Dipstick Proteinuria

       

Negative

141(35.3)

113(34.7)

28(37.3)

0.675

12(27.3)

16(51.6)

0.032

Present

102(25.5)

76(23.4)

26(34.7)

0.043

19(43.2)

7(22.6)

0.025

1+ (30 mg/dL)

80(20)

62(19.1)

18(24.0)

0.337

14(31.8)

4(12.9)

0.098

2+ (100 mg/dL)

15(3.8)

11(3.4)

4(5.3)

0.423

2(4.5)

2(6.5)

1.0

3+ (300 mg/dL)

7(1.8)

3(0.9)

4(5.3)

0.026

3(6.8)

1(3.2)

0.638

Not done

157(39.2)

136(41.8)

21(28.0)

 

13(29.5)

8(25.8)

 

Major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) n (%)

       

CVA/TIA

53(13.3)

43(13.2)

10(13.3)

0.981

4(9.1)

6(19.4)

0.302

Non- fatal myocardial infarction

27(6.8)

21(6.5)

6(8.0)

0.632

3(6.8)

3(9.7)

0.687

History of hypertensive crises in the past 6 months n (%)

33(8.3)

21(6.5)

12(16.0)

0.007

12(27.3)

0(0)

0.001

Co-morbidities, n (%)

       

Type II diabetes mellitus

213(53.3)

168(51.7)

45(60.0)

0.194

30(68.2)

15(48.4)

0.085

Glycaemic control (Hba1c below 7%)

57(26.8)

42(25.0)

15(33.3)

0.216

11(25.0)

4(12.9)

0.197

Diabetic complications, n (%)

       

 Peripheral neuropathy

85(39.1)

60(35.7)

25(55.6)

0.005

18(40.9)

7(22.5)

0.003

 Diabetic retinopathy

11(5.2)

8(4.8)

3(6.7)

0.463

2(4.5)

1(3.2)

0.720

 Diabetic nephropathy

2(0.9)

2(1.2)

0(0)

1.000

0

0

0

 Peripheral vascular disease

3(1.4)

3(1.8)

0(0)

1.000

0

0

0

Chronic kidney disease

94(23.5)

65(20.0)

29(38.7)

0.001

21(47.7)

8(25.8)

0.055

Dyslipidaemia

315(78.8)

248(76.3)

67(21.2)

0.013

40(90.9)

27(87.1)

0.711

Ischaemic heart disease

47(11.8)

38(11.7)

9(12.0)

0.941

6(13.6)

3(9.7)

0.728

Heart failure

16(4.0)

10(3.1)

6(8.0)

0.092

1(2.3)

5(16.1)

0.076

Osteoarthritis

85(21.3)

72(22.2)

13(17.3)

0.358

8(18.9)

5(16.1)

1.0

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

22(5.5)

20(6.2)

2(2.7)

0.396

2(4.5)

0

0.508

Asthma

20(5.0)

16(4.9)

4(5.3)

0.776

2(4.5)

2(6.5)

1.0

HIV

34(8.5)

27(8.3)

7(9.3)

0.774

5(11.4)

2(6.5)

0.693

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

47(11.6)

40(12.3)

7(9.3)

0.471

3(6.8)

4(12.9)

0.438

Biochemical profile

       

Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) categories, n (%)

       

CKD Stage 1(> 90)

114(28.5)

101(31.1)

13(17.3)

0.017

7(15.9)

6(19.4)

0.689

CKD Stage 2 (60–89)

189(47.2)

155(47.7)

34(45.3)

0.712

17(38.6)

17(54.8)

0.165

CKD Stage 3a (45–59)

46(11.5)

32(9.8)

14(18.6)

0.031

10(22.7)

4(12.9)

0.373

CKD Stage 3b (30–44)

35(8.8)

24(7.4)

11(14.7)

0.044

7(15.9)

4(12.9)

1.0

CKD Stage 4 (15–29)

12(3.0)

10(3.1)

2(2.7)

0.851

2(4.5)

0

0.508

CKD Stage 5 (< 15)

4(1.0)

3(0.9)

1(1.3)

0.566

1(2.3)

0

1.0

Serum creatinine (µmol/L) median (IQR)

77(33.0)

74(30.0)

88(37.0)

< 0.001

93.5(48.0)

82(35.0)

0.226

Serum potassium (mmol/L) mean (SD)

4.2(0.5)

4.2(0.5)

4.2(0.4)

0.625

4.3(0.5)

4.2(0.5)

0.853

Total cholesterol (mmol/L) median (IQR)

4.62(1.51)

4.69(1.54)

4.45(1.29)

0.088

4.71(1.4)

4.17(1.0)

0.081

Triglycerides (mmol/L) median (IQR)

1.69(1.15)

1.62(1.07)

2.35(1.52)

< 0.001

2.43(1.55)

1.88(1.38)

0.205

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) median (IQR)

1.10(0.390

1.10(0.40)

1.10(0.38)

0.774

1.1(0.37)

1.13(0.41)

0.412

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) median (IQR)

2.49(1.40)

2.51(1.43)

2.43(1.44)

0.668

2.6(1.1)

2.3(1.1)

0.140

Hb median (IQR)

13.2(2.0)

13.2(1.9)

13.1(2.0)

0.783

12.7(1.9)

13.6(2.5)

0.033

Risk profile

       

Framingham 10-year cardiovascular risk profile

       

low risk < 3%

0

0

0

 

0

0

0

moderate risk 3–15%

51(12.8)

44(13.5)

7(9.3)

0.325

4(9.1)

3(9.7)

1.0

high risk 15–30%

65(16.3)

55(16.9)

10(13.3)

0.447

5(11.4)

5(16.1)

0.732

very high risk > 30%

165(41.3)

130(40.0)

35(46.7)

0.290

25(56.8)

10(32.3)

0.036

Established cardiovascular disease

78(19.5)

62(19.1)

16(21.3)

0.657

7(15.9)

9(29.0)

0.172

Not applicable

41(10.3)

34(10.5)

7(9.3)

1.00

3(6.8)

4(12.9)

 

OSA RISK SCORE

       

STOPBANG score

3(2)

3(1)

3(3)

0.003

4(2.5)

3(3.0)

0.002

Low risk

160(40.0)

138(42.5)

22(29.3)

0.036

11(25.0)

11(35.9)

0.074

Intermediate risk

183(45.8)

152(46.8)

31(41.3)

0.394

17(38.6)

14(45.2)

0.595

High risk

56(14.0)

34(10.5)

22(29.3)

< 0.001

16(36.4)

6(19.4)

< 0.001

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