Fig. 3

Forest plots reporting the results of the meta-analysis of the accuracy of machine learning models for predicting mortality in heart failure (HF) patients. (1) It represents the pooled area under the curve (AUC) values for the Random Forest model across multiple studies, (2) It shows the pooled AUC for the Logistic Regression model, and (3) It presents the pooled AUC for the Support Vector Machine model. (4) It shows the pooled accuracy values for the Gradient Boosting model. Each plot includes individual study estimates with corresponding confidence intervals and study weights. The diamond at the bottom of each plot represents the overall pooled estimate with its confidence interval