Fig. 4

Forest plots summarizing the meta-analysis of the accuracy of machine learning models for predicting mortality in heart failure (HF) patients. (1) It represents the pooled area under the curve (AUC) values for the K-Nearest Neighbors model across multiple studies, (2) It shows the pooled AUC for the Lasso Regression model, (3) It presents the pooled AUC for the Decision Tree model, and (4) It shows the pooled AUC for the Neural Network model. Each plot includes individual study estimates with corresponding confidence intervals and study weights. The diamond at the bottom of each plot represents the overall pooled estimate with its confidence interval